Emhlabeni wonkhe - I-Adipic Acid Lehamba Embili: Ibhulokhi Lebalulekile Yekwakha Ema-Polymers Nemakhemikhali Lasebenta Ngetulu
Timphahla Letibonakalako Netemakhemikhali
Kubukeka kanye neKubukeka: iAdipic Acid ivame kwetfula njengemphuphu lemhlophe, lefana ne crystal noma ema crystals lamancane, langenambala. Inekubusheleleti futsi ayiphunga ngaphansi kwetimo letivamile, lokwenta kutsi ilungele kusetjentiswa lokuhlukahlukene lapho khona kudzingeka iphrofayli yekuzwa lengatsatsi luhlangotsi.
Kuncibilika: Kukhombisa kuncibilika lokusemkhatsini emantini, ngekucishe kube ngu 1.44 g kuncibilika ku 100 mL wemanti ku 25°C. Nomakunjalo, incibilika kakhulu etinhlayiya letiphilako letifana ne ethanol, i-acetone, ne benzene. Lokutiphatsa kwekuncibilika kuvumela kutsi ihlanganyele ngemphumelelo etinhlobonhlobo tekuphendvula kwemakhemikhali kanye nekwakheka.
Tintfo Letibalulekile Letibonakalako: Asidi ye-Adipic inesisindvo se-molar lesingaba ngu-146.14 g/mol. Kucina kwayo kucishe kube ngu 1.36 g/cm3 ku 25°C, lokucina kancane kunemanti. Indzawo yekuncibilika kwe adipic acid ngu 152°C, lokukhombisa kugucuka kwayo kusuka esimeni lesicinile kuya esimeni lesiketshezi ngaphansi kwekushisa lokuphakeme. Lendzawo yekubila yenteka ku 337.5°C, noma ingacala kubola ngaphambi ifike kulelizinga lekushisa ngaphansi kwemfutfo wemkhatsi. Liphuzu layo lekukhanya ngu 207°C, lokukhombisa kutsi idzinga emazinga ekushisa laphakeme kanye nemitfombo yekuvutsa kwentela kubeka ingoti yekuvutsa.
Kuphendvula Kwemakhemikhali: Njenge esidi ye dicarboxylic, iesidi ye adipic icuketse emacembu lamabili lasebentako ecarboxyl (-COOH), layinika kusebenta lokusetulu kwemakhemikhali. Ihlanganyela kalula ekusabeleni kwe esterification netidzakamiva, yakha ema esters lasetjentiswa kakhulu ekukhiciteni emapulasitiki, emafutsa, kanye nemakha. Ngekwengeta, ingahlangana nema diamines ngekuhlanganiswa kwe polymerization kwenta ema polyamides, ikakhulu i nylon 6,6. Loku kuphendvula kwe-polymerization kuyinto litje lekusimisa le-fiber yekwentiwa kanye netimboni temapulasitiki ebunjiniyela. iAdipic acid ingaphindze ibe nekuphendvula kwekunciphisa kwenta ema alcohols lahambisanako futsi ingahlangana netisekelo kwenta luswayi, lolwatiwa ngekutsi ngema adipates.
Tindzawo Tekufaka Sicelo
Kukhicitwa kwe-Polyamide (i-Naylon): Kusetjentiswa lokukhulu futsi lokubaluleke kakhulu kwe adipic acid kulele ekukhiciteni ema polyamides, ikakhulu nylon 6,6. Kulenchubo, i-asidi ye-adipic ihlangana ne-hexamethylenediamine ngendlela yekuhlangana kwe-polymerization. Le nylon 6,6 lephumako yipulasitiki lesetulu - lesebentako yebunjiniyela ledume ngemandla ayo, kucina, kumelana nekuguga, kanye netimphahla letinhle kakhulu temshini. Nylon 6,6 isetjentiswa kakhulu embonini yetimoto ngetincenye letifana netincenye tenjini, emagiya, kanye nemabheringi. Iphindze ibe yintfo lebalulekile embonini yetindvwangu, lapho khona isetjentiswa kukhicita tindvwangu letisezingeni lelisetulu - tekwembatsa, emakhaphethi, kanye nekugcoka ngenca yemandla ayo, kucina, kanye nekukhona kubamba kahle emadayi.
Tintfo letifaka emapulasitiki kanye neTintfo tekugcobisa: iAdipic acid isetjentiswa kukhicita emapulasitiki lasekelwe ku adipate. Lamapulasitiki afakwa kuma polymers, ikakhulu i polyvinyl chloride (PVC), kwenta ncono kugucugucuka kwawo, kucubungula, kanye nekuhlala sikhatsi lesidze. Ema plasticizers e Adipate ayanconotwa etincenyeni lapho khona kudzingeka khona kugucugucuka lokuphansi - kwekushisa, njengekukhicita kuvikela kwetintambo tetimoto, emashubhu ekwelapha, kanye nemikhicito ye PVC lemelana nekubandza. Ngekwengeta, ema esters lasuka ku adipic acid asetjentiswa njengekugcobisa etimbonini letehlukene, aniketa tintfo letinhle kakhulu tekulwa nekugcoka kanye nekulwa nekukhuhlana, futsi alungele kusetjentiswa etinjinini, emagiya, kanye naletinye tinhlelo temshini.
Imboni Yekudla Nekwekunatsa (Kusetjentiswa Ngalokungacondzi): Ngesikhatsi i-adipic acid ingadliwa ngco ekudleni, isetjentiswa ekukhiciteni kudla - tintfo tekutsintsana kanye nekudla - tintfo tekucubungula. Ema esters ayo, uma asetjentiswa ekugcokeni kanye nekuvala kudla - tintfo tekupakisha, asita kucinisekisa bucotfo kanye nekuphepha kwemikhicito yekudla ngekuvikela kungcola kanye nekugcina busha bemkhicito. Ngekwengeta, i-adipic acid - lesekelwe kuma polymers ingasetjentiswa ekukhiciteni tincenye tetintfo tekusebenta letihlangana nekudla ngesikhatsi sekucubungula, njengemabhande ekuhambisa kanye netimphawu.
Timboni Temitsi Netetimonyo: Embonini yemitsi, i-adipic acid ingasetjentiswa njengesisebenti ekwakhiweni kwetidzakamiva. Ingasebenta njenge buffering agent kulawula i-pH yetisombululo temitsi kanye nekumiswa, kucinisekisa kusimamisa kanye nekusebenta kahle kwemitsi. Emkhakheni wetimonyo, ema adipic acid esters asetjentiswa emikhicitweni leyehlukene, njengemakhilimu, ema lotion, kanye nema lipstick, kwenta ncono kucina, kwenta ncono kusakateka, kanye nekuniketa timphawu te emollient, kwenta sikhumba sitive sitsambile futsi sibushelelezi.
Tindlela Tekulungiselela
Kufakwa kwe-oksijini kwe-Cyclohexane: Lena yindlela lehamba embili yetimboni yekukhicita i-adipic acid. Lenchubo icala ngekutsi kube ne oxidation ye cyclohexane lapho khona kunesikhutsato, ngalokuvamile sikhutsato lesisekelwe ku cobalt. Esigabeni sekucala - sekukhicita i-oxidation, i-cyclohexane ihlangana nemoya noma i-oksijini kwenta inhlanganisela ye-cyclohexanol kanye ne-cyclohexanone, inchubo leyatiwa ngekutsi yi "KA oyili" (ketone - oyili wetjwala) inchubo. Lokuphendvula kwentiwa ngesikhatsi sekushisa lesicishe sibe ngu 150 - 160°C kanye nekucindzeteleka lokungu 1 - 1.5 MPa. Ngemuva kwaloko, le oyili ye KA iphindze ibe ne oxidized ngendlela yesibili - yesigaba sekuphendvula isebentisa i-nitric acid njenge oxidizing agent, kuvame kuba ngekushisa lokungu 60 - 80°C kanye nekucindzeteleka kwemoya. Loku kwesibili - sigaba sekukhicita i-oksijini kugucula i-cyclohexanol kanye ne-cyclohexanone ibe yi-asidi ye-adipic. Nomakunjalo, lendlela inetinsayeya letitsite temvelo, njengoba kusetjentiswa kwe nitric acid kukhicita i-nitrous oxide (N2O), igesi lenemandla ye-greenhouse, futsi kudzinga kulawulwa ngekucophelela kwemifudlana yemfucuza.
Tindlela Tebuchwepheshe Betilwane: Eminyakeni yamuva, kube nekukhula kwenshisekelo etindleleni te biotechnological tekukhicita i-adipic acid njengenye indlela lesimeme kakhulu. Tilwane letincane, letifana nemagciwane lakhiwe ngekwelifa noma imvubelo, ingasetjentiswa kugucula tintfo letivuselelwako, letifana nashukela noma emafutsa lasekelwe etitjalweni, abe yi adipic acid ngetindlela letilandzelanako tekugaya kudla. Sibonelo, lamanye emagciwane angakhicitwa kute akhicite tintfo letisemkhatsini letingaphindze tiguculwe tibe yi-adipic acid. Ngesikhatsi letindlela te biotechnology tisesesigabeni sekutfutfuka futsi tibhekene netinsayeya letihlobene nekukhicita kanye netindleko - tekusebenta kahle, tiniketa emandla ekukhicita lokunebungani nemvelo futsi lokusimeme kwe adipic acid esikhatsini lesitako.
Tinyatselo tekuvikela
Tingoti Temphilo: I-Adipic acid ingabangela kutfukutsela kwesikhumba nemehlo uma utsintsana ngalokucondzile. Kuhlala sikhatsi lesidze noma kuphindzaphindza kwesikhumba kungaholela ekubeni nesifo sesikhumba, futsi uma sitsintsana nemehlo, kungabangela kubovu, buhlungu, kanye nekulimala lokungenteka kwe-cornea. Kuphefumula tinhlayiya telutfuli te adipic acid kungacasula umgudvu wekuphefumula, kubangele kukhwehlela, kukhwehlela, kanye nekuphelelwa ngumoya. Kugwinya i-adipic acid lenyenti kungaholela ekungakhululeki emathunjini, kufaka ekhatsi kucansuka, kuhlanta, kanye nekusheka. Tisebenti letiphatsa i-adipic acid kumele tigcoke tintfo tekutivikela letifanele, njengemagilavu, tibuko tekuphepha, kanye nemaski ekuphefumula, ikakhulu etindzaweni lapho khona kungenteka khona kukhicita lutfuli.
Tingoti Temlilo Nekuqhuma: Noma i-adipic acid inendzawo lephakeme yekukhanya, iyavutsa. Ngesimo sempuphu, ingakha tihlanganisi letiqhumako ngemoya uma isakateka ngesilinganiso lesenele. Tindzawo tekugcina kumele tigcinwe khashane nemitfombo yekuvutsa, futsi kufaka umoya kahle kubalulekile kuvikela kugcwala kwelutfuli. Endzabeni yemlilo lofaka ekhatsi i-adipic acid, tintfo letifanele tekulwa nemlilo, njengemphuphu yemakhemikhali leyomile noma icarbon dioxide, kumele isetjentiswe.
Umtselela Wemvelo: I-Adipic acid iphikelela ngesilinganiso endzaweni. Uma ikhululwa etindzaweni letinemanti, ingacekela phansi tintfo letincane ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi, kepha lokusetulu kungaba nemtselela ekuphileni kwetilwane letihlala emantini. Kungaphindze kutsintse i-pH yetinhlelo temanti ngenca yesimo sayo lesine esidi. Ngakoke, kulawula kahle imfucuza kanye netindlela tekugcina kubalulekile kuvikela kukhishwa lokungalawuleki kwe adipic acid endzaweni. Timboni letikhicita noma letisebentisa iAdipic acid tiyadzingeka kutsi tinamatsele emitsetfweni lecinile yemvelo kwentela kunciphisa umtselela wayo emhlabatsini, emanti, kanye nelizinga lemoya.
Tincazelo
| Ligama Lemkhicito | Esidi ye-Adipic | |||||||||
| Ifomula Yemakhemikhali | C6H10O4 | |||||||||
| Sisindvo Semamolekhyuli | 146.14 g/moli | |||||||||
| Kuvela | Impuphu lemhlophe lefana nekristalu | |||||||||
| Liphuzu Lekuncibilika | 152 - 153°C | |||||||||
| Liphuzu Lekubila | 337.5°C | |||||||||
| Kuminyana | 1.360 g/sentimitha3 | |||||||||
| CAS CHA | 124 - 04 - 9 | |||||||||
| Ikhodi ye-HS | 29171200 | |||||||||
| CHA | 204 - 673 - 3 | |||||||||
| Sicelo | Isetjentiselwa kukhicita i-nylon 66, kuhlanganiswa kwe-polyurethane, kanye nekukhicita emapulasitiki | |||||||||
Liphepha Lekulawula Lizinga
| Ligama Lemkhicito | Esidi ye-Adipic | ||||||
| INTFO | Kucaciswa | Umphumela | |||||
| Kuvela | Impuphu lemhlophe lefana nekristalu | Impuphu lemhlophe lefana nekristalu | |||||
| Lokucuketfwe% (m/m) ≥ | 99.70 | 99.82 | |||||
| Liphuzu lekuncibilika°C ≥ | 151.5 | 152.6 | |||||
| Umbala wemanti we-ammonia, inombolo yembala weplatinamu we-cobalt ≤ | 5 | 2 | |||||
| Umswakama % (m/m) ≤ | 0.20 | 0.18 | |||||
| Umlotsa mg / kg ≤ | 7 | 2 | |||||
| I-Fe mg/kg ≤ | 1.0 | 0.2 | |||||
| Lokucuketfwe yi-nitrate mg/kg ≤ | 10.0 | 0.7 | |||||