I-Tetrahydrofuran (THF): Umgogodla Lohlukahlukene Wetinchubo Temakhemikhali Leticinile
Kuhlatiya Lokujulile Kwetintfo Temtimba Nemakhemikhali
Indlela Leyehlukile Yekwakha Emamolekhyuli
Isakhiwo se-THF sihlanganisa indandatho ye-ether lejikeletako lene-athomu ye-oksijini, kwenta letimphawu letibalulekile letilandzelako:
Polar Solvency: Umzuzu we dipole we 2.75 D wenta kutsi ihydrogen ihlanganiswe nema molecule e polar ngesikhatsi isombulula emakhompawundi langasiwo ema polar ngekusebentisana kwe dipole lokukhutsatwako, kwenta kutsi kube kuhle kakhulu etinhlelo tekuphendvula letehlukene.
Kuphendvula Kwendandatho: Lendandatho ye ether ihamba ngekuvulwa kwendandatho lekhutsatwa yi esidi, kwenta kutsi kube nekuphendvula lokufana ne alkylation kanye ne polymerization. Loku kuphendvula kubalulekile ekuhlanganiseni emapholimeri lafana ne-polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG).
Timphawu Temtimba
Kusimama Kwekushisa: Kubila ku 66°C kanye nekubandza ku -108.5°C, iTHF ihlala iyimanti kuyoyonkhe indzawo lebanti yekushisa, ilungele kuphendvula lokuphansi kwekushisa kanye netinchubo tekuhhwamuka letisheshako.
Timphahla Tekutfutsa: Kucina lokuphansi (0.55 mPa·s) kanye nekucina lokusetulu kwemhlabatsi (26.4 mN/m) kwenta ncono likhono layo lekumantisa, lokubalulekile ekuhlanteni kanye nasekugcobeni.
Caphela Kuphepha: Kuvutsa kakhulu (indzawo yekuvutsa -17.2°C) futsi kwakha tihlanganisi letiqhumako nemoya (1.8–12.4% vol), kudzinga tindlela leticinile tekuvikela umlilo.
Ticelo Letibalulekile Kuto Tonkhe Timboni
Kukhicita I-Polymer Ne-Resin
Kuhlanganiswa kwepholiyurethani (PU):
Kukhicita kwe PTMEG: iTHF yintfo lebalulekile leluhlata yekuhlanganisa i-polytetramethylene ether glycol (i-PTMEG), incenye lebalulekile lethambile kumicu ye-spandex kanye nema-polyurethanes lashisako (ema-TPU). Ngetulu kwa 90% we THF yemhlaba wonkhe isetjentiswa kulomkhakha, ngethani ngalinye le spandex lelidzinga ~0.8 emathani e THF.
PU Adhesives: Ihlanganiswe ne DMF, iTHF idala ema adhesives lasheshako, lacinile kakhulu eticatfulweni kanye netimoto tangekhatsi, aniketa 35% wekucuketfwe lokucinile kanye na 40% wekomisa ngekushesha kunetinhlelo te DMF letihlantekile.
Epoxy kanye ne Resin Yekwentiwa:
Njenge co-solvent ekwakhiweni kwe epoxy, iTHF yenta ncono kuhlanganiswa futsi inciphisa viscosity, kwenta kutsi kube nekusebentisa lokucondzile kwekugcobisa ku electronics kanye ne aerospace.
Ikhemikhali lephilako nalekhetsekile
Kuphendvula kwaGrignard:
iTHF icinisa tintfo letisemkhatsini tetinsimbi (sib., RMgX) ngekuhlanganiswa nema ions e magnesium, kukhutsata umkhicito wekuphendvula nga 15-20% uma kucatsaniswa ne diethyl ether. Sibonelo: Ekuhlanganisweni kwe ibuprofen, tinyatselo te Grignard letisekelwe ku THF tifinyelela ≥99.5% wekuhlanteka nge ≤0.3% yemikhicito lehambisanako.
Emagezi ebhethri le-Lithium:
I-THF itfutfukisa kudvonsa kwe-electrolytes lesekelwe ku-lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) (≥10 mS/cm), kwenta ncono imphilo yemjikeleto ibe ngetulu kwetikhatsi letingu-1,000 (kugcinwa kwemandla ≥85%) kumabhethri ensimbi ye-lithium.
Tinsimu Tebuchwepheshe Lobuphakeme Netebucwepheshe Lobukhetsekile
Kuhlanta kwe Semiconductor: I-THF isusa tinsalela te-photoresist ekukhiciteni ema-microelectronics, kufinyelela kungcoliswa kwe-ion yensimbi ≤10 ppb yetinchubo letingaphansi kwa-14 nm.
Kukhicita Emakristalu Emitsi: Kusetjentiswa ekuphindzeni kwentiwe emakristalu ema antibiotics kanye nema steroids, tinhlelo te THF-temanti tikhicita emakristalu lafanako (50–200 μm) nge ≥99.9% yebumsulwa.
Kukhishwa Kwemkhicito Wemvelo: Kukhetsa kuncibilikisa emakhompawundi elipophilic (sib., CBD, paclitaxel) nge 25% wekuhlanteka lokusetulu kunetinhlanganisela letingekho e-polar, ngesikhatsi kunciphisa kubola kwekushisa ngekucubungula lokushisa lokuphansi.
Tincazelo
| Ligama Lemkhicito | Esidi ye-Propiyoni | |||||||||
| Ifomula Yemakhemikhali | C3H6O2 | |||||||||
| Sisindvo Semamolekhyuli | 74.08 g/moli | |||||||||
| Kuvela | Luketshezi lolusobala lolute umbala | |||||||||
| Liphuzu Lekuncibilika | -20.8°C | |||||||||
| Liphuzu Lekubila | 141.1°C | |||||||||
| Kuminyana | 0.993 g/sentimitha3 | |||||||||
| CAS CHA | 79 - 09 - 4 | |||||||||
| Ikhodi ye-HS | 29155000 | |||||||||
| CHA | 201 - 176 - 3 | |||||||||
| Sicelo | Kusetjentiswa emapulasitiki, i-pharma, kudla, tinhlayiya kanye nemakha | |||||||||
Liphepha Lekulawula Lizinga
| Ligama Lemkhicito | Esidi ye-Propiyoni | ||||||
| INTFO | LINANI LELIJWAYELEKILE (%) | LINANI LEKUVIVINYWA (%) | |||||
| Lokucuketfwe kwe-Esidi Ye-Propionic, w/%≥ | 99.5 | 99.9 | |||||
| Kucina (20/20°C) | 0.993-0.997 | 0.996 | |||||
| Libanga Lekubila/°C | 138,5-142,5 | 139,4-141,1 | |||||
| Tinsalela tekuhhwamuka,w/%≤ | 0.01 | 0.006 | |||||
| Emanti,w/%≤ | 0.15 | 0.02 | |||||
| I-aldehayidi, w/% ≤ | ≤ 0.05 | 0.04 | |||||
| kulula kwenta i-oksijini, w/%≤ | ≤ 0.05 | 0.01 | |||||
| I-Pb mg/kg≤ | 2.0 | ≤2.0 | |||||
| Njengobe mg/kg≤ | 3.0 | ≤3.0 | |||||
| Siphetfo | Hambisana nemazinga e-GB 1886.210-2016 | ||||||
Kucabanga Ngekuphepha Nekugucula Imboni
Tingoti Temphilo Netemvelo
Buthi: Kuphefumula lokusetulu (>500 ppm) kungabangela kucindzeteleka kwe CNS; kuchayeka sikhatsi lesidze kungatsintsa kusebenta kwesibindi/tinso. Kudzinga kuvikelwa kwekuphefumula (APF≥10) kanye nemaglavu lamelana nemakhemikhali.
Umtselela Wemvelo: Iyabola emhlabatsini (ihhafu yekuphila ≤5 emalanga) kepha inebuthi ekuphileni kwetilwane letihlala emantini (LC50 fish=110 mg/L). Emanti langcolile kumele ahlantwe ngendlela lesetulu (COD≤50 mg/L) ngaphambi kwekutsi akhishwe.
Timphendvulo Tekulawula Netebuchwepheshe
Emabanga Ekuhlanteka:
Timboni (≥99%): Kuhlanganiswa jikelele, kuvumela ≤0.5% emanti/aldehydes.
I-elekthronikhi (≥99.9%): Ema-ioni ensimbi ≤1 ppb, i-SEMI C8-ihambisana nekusetjentiswa kwe-semiconductor.
Imitsi (≥99.5%): Ivunywe yi FDA, ema aldehydes ≤10 ppm ekukhicita imitsi.
Kulandzela Umtsetfo Wemhlaba Wonkhe:
EU REACH: Kuvinjelwe etintfweni tekutsintsana nekudla (kufuduka ≤0.05 mg/kg).
I-OSHA yaseMelika: I-PEL-TWA 200 ppm (590 mg / m3), ledzinga kugadza umoya endzaweni yekusebenta.
Kungani Sikhetsa I-THF Yetfu?
Kuhlanteka Lokungayekeli: Tinchubo letihamba embili tekuvubela katsatfu tikhicita iTHF yesigaba se-elekthronikhi ku 99.99% wekuhlanteka, nge ≤10 ppm umswakama kanye ne ≤1 ppm aldehydes, kucinisekisa kuhambisana kwesigaba kuya esigabeni (kuhluka ≤±0.02%).
Tisombululo letikhetsiwe: Emakhemikhali lalungiselelwe lokucuketfwe ngemanti (50–1000 ppm), emazinga e-peroxide (≤10 ppm), kanye ne-pH (5.0–7.0), njenge-THF lephansi-ye-peroxide yekuhlanganiswa kwemitsi lebucayi.
Tintfo Letichutjwa Kuphepha: Kugcina lokune nitrogen kanye netinhlelo tekutfutsa letingaqhumi kucinisekisa kuphatsa lokuphephile kusuka ekukhiciteni kuya ekuletseni.
Kushesha Kwekulawula: Kuhambisana kwemhlaba wonkhe nemazinga e-SEMI, ACS, kanye ne-FDA, kusekelwa yi-MSDS leyentiwa ngekwemvelo yekungena emakethe ngaphandle kwemthungo.
Kusebentisana Kwekusebenta Kahle Kwemakhemikhali
Ibhalansi leyehlukile ye-THF yekukhokha, kuphendvula, kanye nekuvumelana nenchubo kuyibeka njengelitje lekusimisa kukhemikhali yesimanje. Kutinikela kwetfu kumikhicito lehlantekile kakhulu, kusungulwa kwetebucwepheshe, kanye nekulandzela imitsetfo kuniketa emakhasimende emandla emapulasitiki, ema-elekthronikhi, kanye nemitsi kutsi ashayele impumelelo ngendlela lenesibopho. Khetsa THF yetfu kuvula kuciniseka, kusebenta, kanye nekusimama kuwo onkhe emacelo.